MIXED BAG

 BY Pragyansharma Polavarapu THE RESEARCH FINALLY RESULTED IN CREATION OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL “MICROS” (DESKTOP/LAPTOP/DIGITAL PHONE ) 1) Metals(both elements and alloyed metals) are best conductors of the electric current. When metal objects are put in current circuits there is a flow of billions of electrons in a systematic way from negative electrode to positive electrode through the wire circuit. This is because the electrons in outermost orbits in the atoms jump out and form a stream towards positive pole. But some of the electrons from the billions in the stream jump back into outer orbits every moment and keep the atoms perfectly neutral. The stream of electrons moves at violent speed . The electric impulse travels at unbelievable speed of nearly 300,000 kilometers per second! (2)Nonmetals ( like carbon, sulphur, silicon etc ) , organic and compound substance like glass, stone, wood, plastic etc do not conduct electricity. In them also there are billions of elecgtron...

BY pragyansharma polavarapu PART ONE A SIMPLE VIEW OF A SOFTWARE PROGRAM Before coming of WINDOWS software, the commands to CPU were always given through software instructions which were like precise coded commands of a military office. After coming of WINDOWS programming environment many software actions are performed “graphically” i.e. by clicking small picture buttons( icons ) or flag like vertical menu lists or by using the conversational style in dialogue boxes etc. While using dialogue boxes , no sooner we give an answer to a question ,another question pops up. After two or three such questions the computer is satisfied with our answer.This is really interactive programming of high quality. The “icons”( little half centimeter size pictures in square boxes ) appear in tool bars/task bars at top and bottom of WINDOW. When the MOUSE clicks an icon action takes place to open/close/edit files .The files may be of any category--text/photo/ sound/audio/ video. With ...

By PragyanSharma Polavarapu (A) BEGINNING AT THE VERY BEGINNING (1) Imagine a sand grain of one millimeter cube. Scientists say that can contain 1020 atoms . Please realize that 1020= (one million) x (one million) x (one million) x 100 ! So big is 1020 and so small are the atoms . There are only 92 varieties in atoms in the universe. Hydrogen atom is the smallest atom. (2) To understand sizes of atoms the unit called NANOMETER is used. It is one billionth part of a millimeter. The diameter of Hydrogen atom is about 0.1 nanometer. Other atoms have alo sizes between 0.1 and 0.5 nanometers. (3) Every atom has a very heavy central part called nucleus which is like a positive rock fort containing positive particles called protons and also a few neutral particles called neutrons. The negative particles the “electrons” --( smallest purest negative electric particles in universe)-- circle around the nucleus . They are equal in number to number of protons of the nucleus and so ev...

By pragyansharma polavarapu INTRODUCTION (1) The MINI computers not only brought down the size of computer (to size of a table top radio) but various new technologies were also introduced making the computer all powerful. The length of “computer word”(the “bytes” conmprising a string of 0s and 1s ) was standardized to 8/16/32 bit size by the IEEE. Many sophisticated computer languages BASIC/FORTRAN/COBOL etc with a mathematical base were invented. Use of computer naturally extended to many fields . (2) Mini in the client-server environment was useful for bank counter supervision ,college teaching with live question-answer sessions between the professor and student ,ticket booking counters , government work etc. Client server technology had another big use in industries especially industries dealing with hazardous chemicals or industries where live watching minute by minute was necessary. Network of computer nodes containing sensors were established in hazardous spots ...

  By PragyanSharma Polavarapu (A)INTRODUCTION (1)The MINI computers of 1960s and 1970s were really very small compared to the old giant electronic calculating machines like ENIAC of 1940s . The old electronic calculator-computer machines like the respected ENIAC were of the size of big halls in houses. Wonder of wonders,the MINIs of 1960 and 1970s became reduced to the size of just table-top band radios! The transformation was made possible solely after the discovery of tiny sand particle-sized “TRANSISTOR” (silicon triode) and its use in the MINIs . Hundreds or even thousands of transistor triodes were used in creation of hundreds of logic circuits in registers and processors inside the computer. (2)The transistor was invented in 1947 after a series of researches on tiny “crystal diodes” made from semiconductor materials like Germanium and Silicon (both non-metallic elements). The first transistors were junction diodes, created by joining “doped” p-type and ...

  By pragyansharma polavarapu AN INTRODUCTION (1) Earlier to 1950s computers were only giant size mathematical calculators . A single machine occupied a big hall with its 10-15 cabinets of electrical /electronic equipment and connecting wires. However they could do a million calculations like 2+3 in just a millionth of second! They had awe inspiring calculating power and were mysterious machines. After discovery of sand-grain sized transistor triodes there was a sea change in computer production technology. The tiny sturdy high performance transistors replaced the 15,000 big electric bulb sized glass diodes in computer’s logic circuits ! Computers became small like radio sets (old tube radios of 60 years back) requiring only a small office table in a small room. During the period of about three decades, roughly 1960s to 1980s , small computers(electronic calculating machines based on minute transistor circuits) called MINIs became important in the field of computer t...

By Pragyansharma Polavarapu (1) Decades back I often felt perplexed to understand how the simple commands typed on the key board of a computer , a silent machine here on earth , can initiate truly big actions in faraway orbiting satellites. The computer is not a big roaring machine like a tractor or bulldozer but can in fraction of a second make faraway giant machines , through a coded wireless signal, to start some big actions . The little computer on the table in front of the engineer has connection to the computerized sensors of the faraway giant machines. It is perhaps a yes/no type technical session that goes on between them checking many aspects of the faraway machine. The silent computer here before the engineer can give commands for launching rockets , for building a sky scrapper, for guiding an airplane in the sky, for helping detect radiations from an atomic reactor , for accurately guiding the blasting of rocks while building dams and un...

  By pragyansharma polavarapu After a few months of trial and error and own “research” I could create my own “Blog”. Earlier I created only “files” and “folders” and kept them locked in the D and E drives---like locking good book manuscripts in a cabinet without publishing! The "Memory Estates" , the D drive and E drive, are like well protected rock forts in side computer for storing both unpublished manuscript files and copies of even bulky printed books( of the famed authors we liked) in electronic form . For example the great Tolstoy novel WAR AND PEACE may just occupy space of a small shirt button in the computer’s memory chip ! The DRIVES are like huge libraries of books well indexed. A “FOLDER” is like a labeled partition in a cabinet or a labeled box to keep a particular category of books. My first science and history articles for children(the rough work) lay locked up for months in the D and E forts ! After a few weeks I started my “Blo...

  By pragyansharma polavarapu As in algebra the most important things in computer programming are“CONSTANTS” and “VARIABLES”. They are the foundation bricks in computer programming. All computer programming is based on selecting names for CONSTANTS and VARIABLES and declaring the information at start of every software program . Let us take example of a big busy hotel of 100 rooms. The ten floors have ten rooms each .the rooms are neatly numbered AI to A10, B1 TO B10,C1 TO C10 and so on for all ten floors. Daily guests come and rent rooms for a day or two . Some new persons come and some of the earlier occupants leave every day. For the hotel workers the names of the persons occupying the rooms or even their faces are not important. They are guided only by the room number . The manager simply tells a worker to take coffee to room A -9, attend a call from room F-4 etc. In language of mathematics the room numbers are called “CONSTANTS” as they remain constant and unch...

  By pragyansharma polavarapu Let us explain in a very simple way the basic idea. Each “software instruction” consists of two well defined parts. The two parts are the OPCODE and the OPERAND. (1) The OPCODE means the particular arithmetic operation . It is the electronic circuit in the ALU for operations like (+, - , X , / ,square,square root etc). (2) The OPERAND . It is the arithmetic expression /numbers on which the mathematical operation (add/subtract/multiply/divide etc ) is to be done. A “software instruction” involving mathematical work looks as shown below(in an extremely simple example). The first item in the “software instruction” is OPCODE . The second item is OPERAND. Only after they get translated into 01010101 code (in a millionth of second),required OPCODE circuits (+,-, x etc )will be switched on . Then the OPERANDS will be transmitted through the current paths to the ALU in millionth of second. Simple examples are given below. [add] ...