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A5- THE IAS COMPUTER -2



By pragyansharma polavarapu

The “Main Memory” is like the blackboard in a class room used by a teacher to write the working steps for solving an algebra problem. To maintain its comparison with class room black board let us call the “MAIN MEMORY” as “MAIN MEMORY BOARD ”. On to this Main Memory board the following items get loaded

(A) SOFTWARE PROGRAM

It is a carefully prepared set of “software instructions” written in strict code of software language. The software instruction are part of a software program created to solve a particular type of problem. The software instructions are typed by the outside human engineer through the key board .Please note that software language is a most accurate brief mathematical code with its own set of code words called “Reserved Words”. These Reserved Words ,though they are just ordinary English words, are actually like central electric/electronic switches on a huge imaginary electric switch board . They are minute but do gigantic work. They can even be compared to the engine which pulls a large group of railway wagons .

(B) INPUT DATA

This is the “Problem Data”(question ) given to CPU in software language. It is partly typed by the human engineer on the key board and partly comes from files in the “SECONDARY MEMORY”when included in the present problem . This problem data is loaded to the MAIN MEMORY .

(The SECONARY MEMORY is far bigger than the “main memory board” and is like a big rack of printed books and student note books . it is generally in the disc drives within computer like D,E,F etc drives and also may be copied from outside external memory).

Thus at the start of solving a tough problem using a particular software program, the following are loaded on to the MAIN MEMORY BOARD by the outside human programmer through the key board

(1)the software program(like the set of formulas to be used as in an algebra problem),

(2) the declared “constants” and “variables” and the sets of values their values .

( C )OUTPUT DATA

The final answer given by computer is also loaded temporarily in a special allotted place in MAIN MEMORY BOARD before it is sent out to the computer screen. Only after a signal is received from CPU, the OUTPUT( answer data) is shifted from MAIN MEMORY to the computer screen.

(D) REGISTERS

The speeds inside computer are “MILLIONTH OF SECOND” speeds. The clock signal there inside computer works in “MILLIONTH OF SECOND” units. To instantly solve the software problems ( similar to tough alzebra problems) ,Dr von Neumann introduced in the IAS computer special high speed MEMORY UNITS called “REGISTERS” .

The REGISTERS are very minute special memory units connected to important internal parts like MAIN MEMORY board, the ALU, the CPU and other REGISTERS . The REGISTERS are very much like specially trained clerks in an office or bank.The REGISTERS minutely examine the incoming problem data most promptly in millionth of second units and maintain a very strict serial order in processing data . The INDEX REGISTER allots a strict serial order to the SOFTWARE INSTRUCTIONS sent by ouside human programmer to the MAIN MEMORY BOARD.

Let us rember here the important point. Electric current flows to the computer’s various digital components (1) through hair thin printed metal lines on the printed circuit boards (2) through invisible electronic paths in the extremely minute digital parts in the “Integrated Circuits” contained in the silicon chips)(3) the speed of flow of current is in hundreds of thousands of kilometers in just one second . This speed of data flow gives to the electronic computer the capacity to solve toughest mathematical/logical problems in one second.The data processing and problem solving is done in millionth of second units inside the computer. (4)Every REGISTER examines the data transferred to it (from Main Memory , other REGISTERS, ALU) at millionth –of-second speeds. In the IAS machine the clock signals dividing time into millionth of second units are provided by “quartz crystal oscillators” .(5) All the logic parts -- CPU,Registers , ALU , MAIN MEMORY BOARD , INPUT and OUTPUT —all work in perfect unison in a single step like a single army unit in a synchronized way guided by the millionth of second time unit .

(E)THE CONTROL UNIT

The CPU, the ALU and the REGISTERS –all these together are called CONTROL UNIT . From the CONTROL UNIT data cables and instruction cables (all tiny electronic paths in the chip) send hundreds of electric /electronic signals automatically to all internal logic parts in millionth of second units .











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